The Philippi Collection

Head Coverigns Worn by Members of an American Choir

2012-02-29T16:51:00.000+01:00

Members of an American choir wearing head coverings from the time before the Fall of Constantinople

Mitre of H.H. Pope Shenouda III

2012-02-24T16:48:00.000+01:00

His Holiness Pope Shenouda III., 117th Pope of Alexandria and the Patriarch of All Africa on the Holy Apostolic See of Saint Mark the Evangelist of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, receives a mitre designed by the V. Rev. Archpriest Mikhail Edward Mikhail of St. Mark Coptic Orthodox Church of Cleveland, Ohio, USA on occasion of his 40th anniversary as patriarch.

On the mitre is embroidered the monogram of Pope Shenouda's name in Coptic letters as well as hand-painted icons of Christ, St. Mark, Sts. Athanasius and Cyril of Alexandria, and St. John Chrysostom. The mitre was custom made by the craftsmen of Liturgix, Sofia, Bulgaria.

Top Hat of Fr. Anthony D. Fahy O.P.

2012-02-23T22:20:00.000+01:00

Anthony Dominic Fahy with this top hat

Biretta of George Cardinal Alencherry

2012-02-18T19:04:00.015+01:00

George Cardinal Mar Alencherry

Major Archbishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly

Consistory on 18th of February 2012

It is some kind of "Birettra, a combination between elements of the Roman biretta and the Syro-Malabar mitre.

On the top of the biretta:

Kurishu or Nasrani Menorah cross of the Knanaya

or St. Thomas Cross

On 29th of May 2011 Bishop Mar George Alancherry was installed as the Major Archbishop of the Syro-Malabar Church and Archbishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly archdiocese at a solemn ceremony held at the St. Mary’s Cathedral Baslica at Cochin.

He is wearing a red mitre similar to the biretta which the Holy Father, Pope Benedict XVI., placed on this head during the consistory of 18th of February 2012.

The Hats Worn by a Cardinal - Consistory on 18th of February 2012

2012-02-09T12:21:00.006+01:00

Shop window of Ditta Annibale Gammarelli, Rome

on 8th of Ferburay 2012, 10 days before the consistory.

On Display:

The wardrobe of a cardinal

The biretta with 3 horns (blades, wings) a a littllstem of twisted cord on top,

made out of watered silk

Qob - biretta worn by the cardinals

of the Ethiopian Catholic Church

Made of red silk with moiré effect.

The last cardinal worn this typ of Qob was Paul Cardinal Tzadua

Biretta of the Syro-Malabar Church

See as well:

Biretta of George Cardinal Alencherry

Tabieh or Tabiah - طابية

See as well:

Headgear of the Maronite Clergy

The pileolus (zucchetto, soli deo) made out of watered silk

The cappello romano (sturno) made out of feld with hat cord in red/gold.

Thy type of hat alos availabe in beaver.

The galero

The galero parasole

The non collapsible/foldable winter biretta made out of

heavy woolen cloth.

Keeps the head very warm.

Today this type of biretta is no more in use.

Winter biretta of Clemens August Cardinal Graf von Galen

made out of heavy red wool

on display at:

RELIGIO - Westfälisches Museum für religiöse Kultur, Telgte

Consistory held on 27th of June 1977:

Pope Paul VI. placed the biretta on Joseph Ratzinger's head

Jewish Cantor's Hat

2012-02-03T11:55:00.001+01:00

These cantor's hats came out of the workshops of Liturgix, Sofia, Bulgaria.

They make the hats in black and white with or without tassel.

Ask for model MI-369 and they will gladly assist you.

More information about the Jewish cantor's hat you will find here.

White Biretta of Mt. Sinai Holy Church of America

2012-01-31T20:05:00.002+01:00

Bishop Ruth Elizabeth Brown Satchel

Mt. Sinai Holy Church of America

wearing a white biretta with 3 horns (wings, blades) and a white pompon

Same style worn by the Premonstratensians

Spanish Bonete for a Canon

2012-01-30T16:27:00.003+01:00

Wonderful Spanish bonete made out of black fabric with moiré-effect and

blue-purple pompon

Worn f.e. by canons beloning to the chapter of the cathedral of Jerez

A light blue sweat band sewn inside assures a high comfort.

Very beautiful craftsmanship!

More details from:

Sasteria Infantes, Toledo, Spain

Canon from Calatayud

Canon from Jerez

Head Coverings of the Anglican Rite Roman Catholic Church

2012-01-24T11:58:00.003+01:00

His Eminence Rutherford Cardinal Johnson, Patriarch of the Anglican Rite Roman Catholic Church, an Old Roman Catholic Patriarchate with Anglican tradition descended from the See of Utrecht, which was granted autonomy by the Holy See in 1145, wearing a red bieretta with 3 wings (horns, blades) and a little stem on the top.

His Eminence Rutherford Cardinal Johnson with ferraiolo, pileolus and cappello romano (saturno)

Rutherford Johnson as 6th bishop of the Archdiocese of Southwest

Hat Museum in Lindenberg

2012-01-19T12:37:00.001+01:00

If you are in the Allgäu region in Germany, please do not mis the hat museum in Lindenberg.

Hutmuseum Lindenberg

Brennterwinkel 4

D-88161 Lindemberg

Get this wonderful little catalogue about the Hutmuseum:

"Hat Museum of the City of Lindenberg in the Allgäu Region"

written by Manfred Röhrl

A very nice cappello romano (saturno)

A Protestant barett

The biretta of Rev. Father Johannes Josephus Wettach, priest of Lindenberg from 1769 until 1819

Acknowledgment:

Thank you very much to Mr Manfred Röhrl, the director of the museum for his kindness to show me the museum on 18th of January 2012. His extensive knowledge about the history of the hat industry in Lindenberg is breath-taking. I learned a lot from him.

Head Coverings of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente (IFI)

2012-01-13T15:55:00.002+01:00

Gregorio Aglipay as Supreme Bishop of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente (IFI) (Philippine Independent Church). Photo taken between 1902 and 1905

Cappello romano (saturno) with hat cord

Biretta with 3 wings (horns, baldes) made out of royal blue cotton and a blue pompon

Made for a priest of the IFI

Biretta with 3 wings (horns, baldes) made out of royal blue cotton with moiré-effect

and a blue pompon

Made for a preist as well

In the picture above it seems that the 2nd prelate (from the left) is wearing a red pileolus (zucchetto, soli deo)

Bishops of the IFI wearing red purple pileoli

A Very Nice Jewish Kasket or Kasketel (קאסקעט קאסקעטל)

2012-01-08T11:55:00.000+01:00

Made of velvet and a very nice lining inside

See as well my post:

The Jewish Kasket or Kasketel (קאסקעט קאסקעטל)

How to make a Spanish Bonete?

2012-01-05T14:49:00.001+01:00

Bordados & Sastrería Infantes

Calle del Ángel, 1 Bis.

E- 45002 Toledo, Spain

http://www.bordadosinfantes.com/

More information with pattern here

Buddhist Headcovering: The Shana Hat from Bhutan

2012-01-04T19:14:00.000+01:00

Shana is meaning "black hat".

This hat is worn by the head monks while performing a certain ritual to subdue the evils.

The Grey Biretta of the Old Catholic Church of the Mariavits

2012-01-03T11:45:00.001+01:00

Grey Biretta wirth 4 horns (wings, blades) and a grey pompon worn by the clergy of the

Kosciól Starokatolicki Mariawitów w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej

(Old Catholic Church of the Mariavits in the Polish Republic)

Clergy of the Mariavits Church dressed in grey cassocks

The White Shtreimel - שטריימל

2011-12-30T14:38:00.000+01:00

Some pictures of the white shtreimel - שטריימל

This model is made out of white fox

Cardinal's Biretta Made out of Serge

2011-12-29T15:11:00.001+01:00

Cardinal's biretta made out of red serge fabric

After

Barbier de Montault, Xavier:

Le costume et les usages ecclésiastiques selon la tradition romaine, Band 1: Règles générales, le costume usuel, le costume de chœur, Letouzey et Ané, Paris, ca. 1900

page 230

the cardinal's wore during winter her biretta in "drap très fin pour l'hiver"

The silk was only worn during summer.

Biretta of Clemens August Cardinal Graf von Galen

made of red wool

on display at:

RELIGIO - Westfälisches Museum für religiöse Kultur, Telgte

Biretta made out of red felt

Joseph Braun: Die Liturgische Gewandung

2011-12-28T15:53:00.002+01:00

Braun, Joseph:

Die Liturgische Gewandung im Occident und Orient – nach Ursprung und Entwicklung, Verwendung und Symbolik

Herdersche Verlagshandlung, Freiburg, 1904

Now as a "legacy reprint" from Kessinger

ISBN 978-1161111026

Price: 40.84 US$

Normally you pay for the original copy from 1904 in antiquarian bookshops or from dealers at ZVAB or AbeBooks between 300 and 1,000 US$.

Biretta of the Dompropst (provost) of Paderborn

2011-12-18T18:49:00.005+01:00

Dompropst (provost) Dr. Wilhelm Henze of Paderborn (left) with his red biretta. The biretta has 4 horns (wings, blades) and a red pompon.

Dompropst Dr. Wilhelm Henze places his biretta above the head of Domkapitular Joachim Göbel during the ceremony of inauguration.

Dompropst Dr. Wilhelm Hentze (right) introduces on 30th of October 2010 Dean Josef Dieste (left) from Halle (Westfalen) as the new "nichtresidierenden Domkapitular".

Dean Josef Dieste with a dark red (burgundy) biretta with 4 horns (wings, blades) and a red pompon. It is made of velvet. Normally velvet is the privilege of the pope.

Pileolus worn by Dommesner Hans Gscheider

2011-12-15T17:11:00.000+01:00

On the front page the of the Passauer Bistumsblatt (issue no. 47 of 20th of November 2011) I saw the above picture.

It shows the Dommesner (sacristan of the cathedral) Hans Gscheider wearing a black (brown ?) pileolus.

I tried, but I could not figure out by whose authorisation he is entitled to wear a pileolus.

Bukharan Kippot

2011-12-03T09:45:00.001+01:00

Following some kippot worn by Bukharan (or Bukharain, Bukhari, Bukharim) Jews

Bukharan (Buhari) Kippah made by Larissa Eidlina

The top is conical.

Bukharan Kippah with tiny round mirrors

"White velvet Bukharan Kippah was custom designed for a Rabbi to wear for Yom Kippur 5770. Because Pomegranates/Rimonim are so plentiful in Israel during the High Holy days, a large pomegranate was embossed on the top, with seed pearls added by hand. The sides have tiny pomegranates and tiny Magen Davids with seed pearls. A Beautiful new tradition for the Rabbi's congregation in Hertsfordshire, Great Britain. This kippah was a winning entry in the Juried Jewish Ceremonial Arts Show 2, October, 2009, at Or Shalom Synagogue in London, Ontario. The judges appreciated its simple elegance."

Some Bukharan sights:

Jewish Headgear

2011-11-25T15:11:00.000+01:00

The Jewish White Hat

2011-11-23T16:46:00.000+01:00

After my research white hats were worn by Moroccan rabbis (dynasty of Abuchatzeiras; Baba Sali and his issue).

The Chinese Jijin - 祭巾 (Tsikin, Tsikim, Tsi-kim), Part II

2011-11-14T17:08:00.001+01:00

Some more pictures of the Chinese Jijin - 祭巾 (Tsikin, Tsikim, Tsi-kim)

Main article, see here

The Kalansowa (قلنسوة), Headgear of the Coptic Orthodox Monks

2011-11-09T16:36:00.001+01:00

Kalansoah [Qalansuwah, Kalansowa, Kalansawa]

worn by Coptic Orthodox monks

The 12 crosses symbolize the 12 apostles. They should protect the wearer from evil thoughts and keep him clean. The seam on the top reminds the monks of St Anthony the Great, who always resisted the temptations, persecutions and plagues of the demons. The demons tore on his hood and damaged it. St Anthony then sewed it back together and a seam became visible. The monks in their ascetic life should never lose their courage and nerve, and in spite of all temptations, continue to fight unwaveringly for the faith.

Film about the Kalansowa in German Language

The Coptic Emma - عمة

2011-11-04T17:49:00.000+01:00

His Holiness, Pope Shenouda II

S.E. The Coptic Bishop Anba Gabriel wearing a Emma - عمة

S.E. The Coptic Bishop Anba Damian of the Coptic Monastry Höxter-Brenkhausen

wearing a Emma - عمة

Emma - عمة

Emma - عمة in white

The black Emma is worn together with the cassock; the white one only during high ceremonies.

Three Protestant Mitres

2011-11-03T17:14:00.000+01:00

Have a look at the following 3 mitres which were used in the Protestant Kloster Loccum.

Mitre of th 18th century

Mitre used around 1900 ornamented with Luther roses

Mitre of 1963 (800 years Kloster Loccum)

worn stilltoday by the abbot of the abbey

Horst Hirschler, Abbot of Kloster Loccum

Headgear Seen in Assisi

2011-10-31T15:39:00.006+01:00

Day of Reflection, Dialogue and Prayer for Peace and Justice in the World

"Pilgrims of Truth, Pilgrims of Peace"
Assisi, 27th of October 2011
Documentation of the event you will find here.

Have a look at all these different religious headgears. The head as the seat of the soul and of life since prehistoric times has a magic power of meaning. The head is covered in the first place, to protect it from hostile forces, but also to emphasize and highlight it, and in consequence symbolize the presence of the divine in the mind of his wearer.

Mar Aprem

Metropolitan of India

Assyrian Church of the East

Prof. Wande ABIMOLA, Awise Agbaye

IFA Heritage Institute, Oyo, Nigeria

Spokesperson of Ifu and Yourba Religion in the World

Commissioner Barry Swanson

Salvation Army

Mulana Mohammed Zubair Abid

Presidet of Ulama and Mashaikh Council, Pakistan

in light brown Jinnah Hat

Mr Wai Hop TONG

Daoist Association Hong Hong

Baba Edmond BRAHIMAJ

Capo, World Bektashi Community, Albania

The Lithuanian Kippah (כִּיפָּה)

2011-10-28T16:09:00.001+02:00

Lithuanian Rabbi Michel Yehuda Lefkowitz (הרב מיכל יהודה לפקוביץ)

wearing a Lithunian Kippah

Rabbi Moshe Feinstein (הרב משה פיינשטיין)

Rabbi Shraga Fievel Mendelson (הרב שרגא פייבל מנדלסון)

Lithuanian Kippah made of very thin fabric

You can recognize the inner hat, too.

The Yeminite Hat

2011-10-27T16:04:00.003+02:00

Amnon Yitzhak (אמנון יצחק‎)

The Yemenite hat is made of a fez (as base) and a scraf wrapped around the fez

The Shtreimel (שטריימל) of the Bluzhev (Bluzhov) Rabbi

2011-10-25T10:30:00.002+02:00

The Bluzhever Rebbe Ztvi Yehuda Shapira (צבי יהודה שפירא)

wearing a shtreimel with an inner hat (made from black velvet) of cylindric shape, which towers above the shtreimel itself

The Bluzhever rabbi is the only one wearing such a desgin (form)

Some information about the the Bluzhev dynasty, see here.

Jewish boys from Blazowa (Bluzhev), Poland wearing a kasket or kasketel (קאסקעט קאסקעטל)

See my article "The Jewish kasket or kasketel (קאסקעט קאסקעטל)"

The Jewish Kolpik (קאלפיק) and Spodik (ספודיק)

2011-10-24T15:06:00.003+02:00

At the first glimps is not so easy to distinguish the kolpik from the kpodik.

The two hats look very similar.

Sometimes the Polish Hassidim such as Ger, Amshinov, Ozharov, Aleksander call their spodik shtreimel.

The kolpik - it is made by an entire piece of sable fur. It is a very expensicve hat and only a few craftsmen still can make it.

It is a tall, light brown hat and the fur feels soft. The kolpik is worn in families of some Chassidic Rebbes, by unmarried children (but only after their bar mitzvah) on every Shabbat, holidays, family weddings etc., and by some Rebbes on special occasions.It is worn by Galica and Hungarian rabbis and as well by Bobov, Belz, Munkacz, Vizhnitz and many sons and grandchildren of those rabbis like Satmar, Spinka, ...

The spodik is made out of fur or the tails of the Fisher. A spodik made out of fur is cheaper than out of tails. Its colour varies from very dark brown to black.

The Kolpik (קאלפיק)

Rabbi Moshe Leib Rabinovich wearimg a kolpik

Rabbi Bentzion Halbershtam of Bobov (1874-1941)

wearing a kolpik

Belze rebbe Yissachar Dov Rokeach (II) ( ישכר דב רוקח)
wearing a kolpik

The rabbi in the center is the Belze rebbeYissachar Dov Rokeach (II), the one on the right (his left) is his son Aharon Mordche, the one on the left is his other son wearing a kolpik.
Many grandchildren of rabbi's wear a kolpik from the bar mitzvah till the wedding.

Spodik of Agudas Chassidei Chabad Ohel Yosef Yitzchak Lubavitch

On their internet site they say it's a Spodik but in my opinion it is a kolpik (with a pointy kippah/yarmulke on top?)

See: The Rizhiner Shtreimel

The Spodik (ספודיק)

Spodik made of very dark brown fur

Belze rebbe Yissachar Dov Rokeach (II) ( ישכר דב רוקח) wearing a Spodik
made out of very dark (nealry black) fur

Ger wearing a Spodik

The Protestant (or Evangelical) Barett

2011-10-19T14:33:00.013+02:00

During his visit to Germany, His Holiness, Pope Benedict XVI visited on 23rd of September 2011 the

Evangelical Monastery of St Augustine's in Erfurt to talk to a delegation of the EKD - Evangelical Church in Germany. I received some emails asking me questions about the Evangelical headgear.

Let's first have a look at 3 icons of the Protestant Reformation (1517 - 1648):

Martin Luther (1483 - 1546)

Ulrich Zwingli (1484 - 1531)

Johannes Calvin (1509 - 1564)

At the first glimpse the barett they are wearing is very similar to the Canterbury Cap.

Luther himself mentioned in his letter to Georg Buchholzer, 4th of December 1539 a "Chorkappe". "Chor" from "choir stall" and "Kappe" form "cap" so from the word a hat/cap worn when sitting in the choir-stall. But it is more than likly, that the "Chorkappe" Luther is refering to is not a hat but some kind of collar worn above the chasuable. I never saw a painting Luther wearing a pileolus.

Two other expressions I found in the German litterature were "Kalottenmütze" (calotte beanie) and "Mütze aus Sammet" (beanie made of velvet).

Tilemann Heshusius (1527-1588) wearing some kind of "Kalottenmütze"

Johannes Valentinus Andreae (1586-1654) with "Kalottenmütze"

Philipp Jakob Spener (1635-1705) wearing a "Kalottenmütze"

Heinrich Müller (1631-1675) with "Kalottenmütze"

Skullcap covering the entire skull

Maybe the "Kalottenmütze" was something like that.

The Evangelical Barett developed from the scholar's garb in use in Germany in the 16th century. Some of the sources (see below under "literature") mentioned the clothing of the citizens of the 16th century as provenance of the barett.

Petrus Schumann (1533-1589), as well known as Petrus Hypodemander Ferrimontanus

Superintendent and Priest

Priest in Nuremberg wearing talar and barett

The uppermost preachers in Zurich from 1519 to 1719

On the top the pastors still wear a baret, below, the portraits below

Philipp Melanchton (1497 - 1560) in the scholar's garb

George III, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (1507-1553)

Protestant Bishop of Merseburg

wearing a red barett

Ernst Ludwig von Spiegel zum Diesenberg (1711 - 1785)

evangelical Domdechant in Halberstadt (1756 - 1785)

Painting of E. Bekly, 1756.

Folded red barett on the table

Rotes Barett

Kurfürst Joachim II. receives the Holy Comunion out of the hand of
Bishop Matthias von Jagow, Brandenburg, 1539
Painting of Carl Röhling, 1913, St. Nicolai, Berlin - Spandau

On the left hand side you see Wolfgang zu Arnim, Propst zu Salzwedel wearing a black hat similar to the orthodox skufia.

On the rigth hand side (behind the bishop in black) you see Propst Georg Buchholzer wearing a black "Chorkappe" very close to the pileolus.

Design for "Beffchen" and Barett, made by the Bavarian (theater)painter (costume designer) Georg Frieß

Instruction of King Fredrick Wilhelm I of Prussia of 1st of January 1811 how the talar, the "Beffchen" and the barett has to look like in Prussia

Drawings out of the book:

Bringemeier, Martha: Priester- und Gelehrtenkleidung

Nowadays the following baretts are more or less in use in Germany.

Mainly they are used by the Evangelical Pfarrer during their service outside of the church (i.e. funeral services on the cemetery, ...) or if they enter by a procession (mainly with other collegues) in the church.

The names (designations) like Pfälzerbarett, Bayernbarett, Barett Kurhessen-Waldeck,... originate from the different "protestantischen Landeskirchen" we had here in Germany before 1919.

The Lutherbarett is made by craftsmen in th 19th century. It should come out close to this one Luther has worn. The form/design comes from the scholar's barett of the 16th century.

There is not existing something like a "prototype barett" after what all baretts are made. The different forms/designs of the baretts orginates from instructions of the government, communiques by the church authorities or even by the inspiarton of the tailors (hat makers).

Lutherbarett with earmuffs to protect against cold during wintertime

Bayern-/Pfälzerbarett

Lutherbarett

Hannover-Barett

Lutherbarett

Nassauerbarett with large front-shield

Nassauerbarett with small front-shield

Bayern-/Pfälzerbarett

Barett Kurhessen-Waldeck in black

Barett Kurhessen-Waldeck in blue-purple

A very nice and informative booklet:

"Evangelisch betucht"

(in German language with many pictures)

You can order it from:

Gottesdienst-Institut der Evang.-Luth. Kirche in Bayern, Nuernberg

Literature (all in German language):

Bringemeier, Martha: Priester- und Gelehrtenkleidung: Tunika, Sutane, Schaube, Talar. In: Beitrag zu einer geistesgeschichtlichen Kostümforschung, Volkskundl. Komm. d. Landschaftsverb. Westfalen-Lippe, Rheinisch-westfälische Zeitschrift für Volkskunde, Beiheft, Band 1, Münster, 1974

Monographien zur deutschen Kulturgeschichte XII, Drews, Paul: Der evangelische Geistliche in der deutschen Vergangenheit, Jena 1905

Piepkorn, Arthur Carl: Die liturgischen Gewänder in der lutherischen Kirche seit 1955, Lüdenscheid/Lobetal 1987

Schatz, Helmut: Historische Bilder zum Evangelisch-Lutherischen Gottesdienst, Ansbach 2004

Simon, Matthias: Vom Priesterrock zum Amtsrock in Bayern, in: Zeitschrift für bayerische Kirchengeschichte Jg 34, 1964, pp. 19-61

Strutz, Georg: Amtstracht und Amtskleidung der protestantischen Geistlichen in der Pfalz, in: Blätter für dei pfälzische Kirchengeschichte und religiöse Volkskunde, Jg 26, 1959, Heft 3, pp. 85-102 und Heft 4, pp.145-173

Kunz Dr.: Die gottesdienstlichen Gewänder der Geistlichen, namentlich der evangelischen Kirche, in: Christlichen Kunstblatt für Kirche, Schule und Haus, Jg 21, Oktober 1879, Heft Nr. 10, pp. 145-155

Merkel, Friedemann: Sagen - Hören - Loben, Göttingen, Vadenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1992, pp.205 -217: Schwarz - oder heller? Zur Amtstracht evangelischer Pfarrer

The Rizhiner (or Ruzhiner - רוזשין) Shtreimel (שטריימל)

2011-10-17T18:44:00.004+02:00

(c) Hydepark, Israel
The Rizhiner (or Ruzhiner) hat is a normal shtreimel just with a high pointy hat crown (i.e. a pointy yarmulka).

About the Rizhiner see as well:

The Lives and Times of the Rizhniner Rebbes

A Rizhiner Admor (אדמו"ר)
Admor is a Hebrew akronym:
אדוננו מורנו ורבנו (adonénu, morénu ve-rabbénu), „our master, teacher and rabbi“.

Buhush Rebbe

The Chassidic Dynasty of Buhush or Bohush

About the shtreimel, refer as well to my post:

The Shtreimel - שטריימל

Academic Biretta of the "Misioneros del Sagrado Corazón en el Peru"

2011-10-14T16:39:00.001+02:00

INVESTIDURA DE DOCTOR HONORIS CAUSA

DEL EMMO. Y RVDMO. SR. CARDENAL

DR. D. PAUL JOSEF CORDES

Inauguración del Año Académico 2011

at the "Facultad Pontificia de Teología "Redemptoris Mater" La Punta - Callao - Peru"

Similar biretta to this one (but without pompon) worn by H.H. Pope John Paul II:

see here

Clerical Hats Miniatures

2011-10-13T16:13:00.001+02:00

Click on the picture to enlarge

If you are interested, visist the store of Clecrical Auctions at eBay.

Knited White Kippa (כִּיפָּה) Worn by Breslov Kids

2011-10-13T10:32:00.003+02:00

Breslov kids prepare for Shabbat, Mea Shearim, Jerusalem

This knitted kipa is worn my many yerushalmi (jerusalem) hasidut's like Somrei Emunim, Toldot Aharon, Toldot Avraham Yitzchok, Breslev and many others. Other people wear it during the holy days of Rosh Hashana and Yom Kipur, too

Comments:

"I don't believe these children are Breslov. I believe they are Shomer Emunim. The Shomer Emunim are known for wearing the Jerusalemite white kippa. Also, Shomer Emunim Chassidim are based in Mea Shearim, which leads me to believe you are mistaken in labeling them Breslov Chassidim."

"Then again, I could be wrong. They may very well be Breslover Chasidim. I can never tell with the Breslover Chasidim because they don't have a "uniform" like the other Chasidic groups have."

The knitted kippah made of 6 segments.

See as well my article kippa versus pileolus

White and Purim Shtreimel - שטריימל

2011-10-12T16:12:00.005+02:00

White Shtreimel

Yankel Miller wearing a white Shtreimel

A white Shtreimel is worn by the rabbi of the Breslover Hasidic But very seldom.

Shtreimel with striped fur

This kind of hats are specially made for Purim.

An interesting article (in Hebrew language) about the shtreimel and how they are made you find here.

Jewish Cantor's Hat

2011-10-11T17:00:00.001+02:00

Cantor's hat, worn in a Vienna Synagogue (שול) around 1930s

Made of velvet, 6 panels (segments), tassel made of black threads on top

"What is the name of the hat the Cantor will wear with his Kittel? It is usually very tall.

Thank you for your question. A professional Cantor told me that the official name is a mitre, but since that has Christian connotations Jews would use Yiddish names for it like “a Chazzan’s Kapel”, Chazzan’s Yarmulkeh, Chazzonisheh Yarmulkeh (all meaning ‘Cantor’s Skullcap’), or “Hoiche Yarmulkeh” (high/tall Yarmulka).

All the Best,
Mordechai Dixler"

The Atelier-Musée du Chapeau, Chazelles-sur-Lyon, France

2011-10-10T14:46:00.004+02:00

If you are in the environment of Lyon, France do not miss to visit the Atelier-Musée du Chapeau

Atelier-Musée du Chapeau

6 rue Saint Galmier

42140 Chazelles-sur-Lyon

France

http://www.museeduchapeau.com/

In the museum you learn the full process of hat manufacturing and there is a large exhibitions of hats of different epoques.

Making the hat blocks out of the wood of the lime tree

Saint James, son of Alphaeus, the patron saint of the hat makers.
The statue welcomes you in the foyer.

Get a copy of this wonderful little booklet written by Eliane Bolomier, curator of the museum, explaining the full process of hat manufacturing:

Du poil de lapin au chapeau de feutre, la chapellerie à Chazelles-sur-Lyon, Eliane Bolomier, 2005 (nouvelle édition), édition Atelier-Musée du Chapeau, 46 pages

A very good reference book as well:
L'encyclopedie-du-couvre-chefs

The hat factories in Chazelles-sur-Lyon made as well fantastic cappelli romano (saturni):

The tricorne hat, in France worn by priests, too.

Academic Bonete

2011-10-09T11:48:00.000+02:00

Bonete with golden pompon, golden application cord (piping) and golden lining

made as academic bonete for a Teresa of Ávila sculpture.

In Spain you often can see Teresa of Ávila wearing a black bonete:

The reason therfore is, that she was named in 1970 a Doctor of the Church by Pope Paul VI.

For more information, please refer to my post:

The Spanish Bonete - Bonete Español de 4 Picos con Borla

Képi Worn by the Vatican's Corpo della Gendarmeria

2011-09-29T09:00:00.001+02:00

French Képi, worn by the Vatican's Corpo della Gendarmeria dello Stato di Vaticano della Città del Vaticano

Biretta seen in Grimaud, France

2011-09-27T18:58:00.002+02:00

I visited Grimaud (Départment Var, France) on Sunday 25th of September 2011.

They made a big procession in honour of Saint Michael.

The celebrant, Père Peter Watts, Curé de Grimaud, wore a black biretta with 3 horns (wings, blades) and a black pompon.

Presentation of the Tiara to H.H. Pope Benedict XVI on YOUTUBE

2011-09-25T22:29:00.001+02:00

Presentation of the Tiara to H.H. Pope Benedict XVI on 25th of May 2011.

For more details, see here.

Red Bonete of the Collegiate of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem

2011-09-14T16:56:00.000+02:00

Red Bonete

Made by Mr Peter Bird

"Residencia de la Insigne Colegiata del Santo Sepulcro de Jerusalen en uso de su antiguo Privilegio. Se hizo Año 1853". O sea, se pintó cuando ya el Cabildo prácticamente había sido disuelto.

El cortejo es una muestra muy gráfica de distintos usos y peculiaridades hispanas. Lo abre cuatro monagos de sotanilla roja y sobrepelliz con bonetes rojos, con puntas abiertas a la manera española, como todos los que llevanb los personajes retratados. Luego, el macero con maza (claro está), tabardo rojo y peluca. El cruciferario lleva bonete negro y los de los ciriales rojo, y todos ellos parece que llevan dalmáticas, al menos los de los extremos. A continuación, los beneficiados con sotanas, roquetes, capas de vueltas rojas y mucetas con las características "jorobas" de los canónigos aragoneses. Y bonetes negros en los que no se aprecia la borla. Luego, los canónigos con sotanas, mucetas y capas rojas (quizás moradas y rojas). Cierra el cortejo el prior, con capa pluvial entre dos canónigos que deben llevar dalmática y sostienen el gremial procesional, también en rojo. El prior, por privilegio de Clemente VII, de 1385, no usa mitra, pero sí báculo y lleva como pectoral la cruz de la Orden."

Home of the famous Collegiate of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem, using its ancient privileges. Painted in 1853, when the College had virtually been dissolved.

The cortège is very graphic, showing various Spanish uses and characteristics. It opens with four monks in red cassock and surplice with red Spanish bonetes, like all of the characters portrayed. Then the beadle with mace, red Tabard and wig. The crucifer wears a black bonete and the candlebearers a red bonete, and they all seem to wear dalmatics, at least those at each end. Then, the beneficiaries in cassocks, rochet and red folded capes with characteristic "humps"of the canons of Aragon. And black caps an which a tassel cannot be seen. Then the canons with capes, hoods and red robes (maybe purple and red). At the end of the procession is the prior in a cope cope between two canons in dalmatics carrying the processional gremial, also in red. The prior, by privilege of Clement VII, 1385, does not use a mitre, but carries a crozier and the pectoral Cross of the Order.

To learn more about the Spansih bonete, click here.

The Claretian Biretta

2011-09-11T21:10:00.002+02:00

In the black and white photo above, these Claretian postulants are wearing very distinctive dress.

The birettas have been black with sky-blue pompon and piping (application cord).
Same blue color like the ICRSP headgear

Birettas in a Spanish context!
Antonio María Claret y Clará was a Spanish Roam Catholic Archbishop.

The Cleartian biretta with 3 wings (blades, horns)

Piping and pompon in cerulean blue

Biretta - Saturno (Cappello Romano) - Boat Hat

2011-09-11T16:35:00.008+02:00

I saw this nice picture today on Klosterneuburger Marginalien:

Eavesdropping - 1898

Henri Adolphe Laissement (French, 1854-1921)

Biretta - Saturno (Cappello Romano) - Boat Hat

1898 - Roman Catholic Bishops in blue purple?

Zucchetto, Camauro, Papal Loafers, Papal Pectoral Cross Cord

2011-09-07T21:29:00.001+02:00

Unser Papst in Deutschland! - Our Pope in Germany!

H.H. Pope Benedict XVI - Welcome to Germany!

Kunsthaus Kopp in Saarbruecken presents a special decoration in his shopping window to welcome H.H. Pope Benedict XVI. in Germany.

Camauro - Golden Pectoral Cross Cord - Zucchetto - Red Loafers

Bespoke Birettas by Mr Peter Bird

2011-09-07T15:37:00.000+02:00

2 wonderful bespoke birettas made by Mr Peter Bird

Biertta with 3 blades (wings, horns), made of cotton with a green pompon

See: Biretta of the Knights of the Military and Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem

Academic biretta with 4 blades (wings, horns), made of cotton with moiré-effect

and a pompon in white/scarlet

Inside the biretta is lined in scarlet red

See: Academic Biretta of the University of Malta

Kanmuri (遠紋) and Eboshi (立烏帽子) - Headgear of the Japanese Shinto Priests

2011-08-31T20:28:00.003+02:00

Three blue questions remained unanswerd until today. It would be wonderful if one of the readers could help.

See: http://www.kariginu.jp/kikata/2-2.htm

Kanmuri:
This very formal hat dates back to the Heian era (from the late 700s to the end of the 12th century). Originally worn by the nobility on formal occasions, the kanmuri is now part of traditional Shinto priests' clothing. This black, lacquered hat consists of a low cap with a tall knob on the back. A thin wired or lacquered strip of cloth and wooden crossbar are attached to the back of the knob.

Pope John XXIII. together with a Shinto priest wearing a Kanmuri

遠紋（三級・斉服用）

Kanmuri X002

During the celebration of Taisai (大祭) ceremonies (major festivals) and Chûsai ceremonies (intermediate-class festivals) all Shinto priests wear a kanmuri.

(1) Open question:
What is the Japanese name of the "tall knob" and the "tale"?
Which signification does these elements have?

There is one detail to be mentioned:
Shrine priests from the top until the 2nd rang (ni-kyuu) have 4 rhombs on the long tale of the kanmuri.
The priests of the 3rd and 4th rang have two horizontal stripes on the tale of the kanmuri.

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Eboshi:
"One type of headdress worn by Shinto priests (shinshoku) during ritual ceremonies. Originally a headdress worn to indicate a man who had passed his "coming of age" ceremony (genpuku), the eboshi evolved into heavily lacquered and other various formalized types from the late Heian period; from the early modern period it was rarely worn outside of ritual occasions. Shinto vestments include three types, "formal vestments" (seisō), "ritual vestments" (reisō), and "ordinary vestments" (jōsō); of these, the eboshi is worn by male priests as part of the class of "ordinary vestments" which includes the robes called kariginu and jōe. (See Seisō, reisō , jōsō.)."

風折烏帽子本皮縁

(本絞丸縁張貫）

Eboshi E160 firm

During the shôsai (minor festivals) all Shinto priests wear the eboshi.
The eboshi is either made of firm or soft and transparent material.
In this case the hierarchy of the priests will be distiguished by the hakama (袴 - culottes).
The eboshi made of soft and light weight materal is more comfortable to wear than the firm model.

More often a paper cord is used to fix the hat and to assure higher hygiene.

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立烏帽子（懸緒紙捻付　紙箱入)

本絞丸縁張貫

Eboshi E020 firm

This kind of eboshi is fixed with a paper-cord on the head.

The indentation at the front of eboshi makes it easier to carry. Without it the eboshi would shake if worn.
(2) Open question:

On the front side the eboshi has some kind of ornaments:
Has this any meaning?

And:
The cords allows to adapthe eboshi on the head circumfernce of the wearer

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懐中用烏帽子: Kaichu yo Eboshi

本皮縁　裏付

Eboshi E040 soft and transparent, very light weight

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

懐中用烏帽子

張貫製　本皮縁
Eboshi E090

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

引立烏帽子 (白鉢巻付）

Eboshi E080 light weight and transparent

2 white ribbons

This kind of eboshi is worn by priest cadidates

(3) Open question:

What is the sense of the two white ribbons?

Hat Identification?

2011-08-22T16:05:00.003+02:00

The picture is entiteld:

Rome 1869 at the "washing of the feet"

For me it was uncommon to see a man holding a bouquet of flowers?

What kind of hat he is wearing?

Maybe the picture illustrates one of the twelve "Poveri"?

SS Trinità dei Pellegrini, Rome was the papal station for this rite. The man is definitely not one of the confratelli, who have a red habit. Nor is he an acolythe.

He would have his feet washed, and then eat at a banquet in the still existant refectory (which is still called Sala dei Papi because of all the busts). Perhaps the flowers were an offering to the celebrant?

In Italy, in former times, Poveri were dressed in albs.

"The above picture is taken from Herbert Thurston's 'Lent and Holy Week'. The drawing shows the pope washing the feet of thirteen poor men on Mandy Thursday. ...

In the 'liturgical books of 1962' the Mandatum normally takes place after the Gospel of the novel evening Mass. The feet of twelve men, not thirteen are washed but the feet are no longer kissed."

Cardenal Vidal y Barraquer with Skufia (σκούφια) or "bonete circular"?

2011-08-19T16:20:00.001+02:00

The picture shows Francisco Cardinal Vidal y Barraquer

The question I could not answer until now is why a Roman Catholic cardinal is wearing a headgaer similar to Greek Orthodox Skufia or Koukos?

Two priests together with inhabitants of the village Luco de Jiloca (Teruel). They wear clerical headgear with the singularity that the priest on the left side of the picture wear a round cap ("bonete circular") with a pompon on top. The prist on the right side a simple round cap.

Maybe this kind of headgear was mainly used inside the house especially during low temperaturs? Teruel is one of the most cold areas in Spain in winter. The pompon probably mean that the priest was the rector of the parrish?

I guess the picture was taken in winter, because the priests wear the "dulleta", a clerical coat used in winter season.

Greek Orthodox Skufia

Greek Orthodox Koukos

Get your Custom-Made Biretta or Bonete from Mr. Peter Bird!

2011-08-16T12:40:00.001+02:00

Mr Peter Bird is a biretta enthusiast, who believes that the biretta is symbolic of centuries-old tradition, much of which has been lost in the surge of liturgical reform since the 1960s. In order to help maintain and promote this tradition, he makes bespoke birettas, entirely hand-stitched, both liturgical and academic, and can supply these for the cost of the materials and postage. Both Roman (biretta) and Spanish (bonete) styles are available, as well as specialised and non-standard birettas.

If you are interested to get in contact with Mr Bird, please use this contact form and I will mail you his email address.

The Juliet Cap and the Tam Cap - A Femal Choir Regalia in the Anglican Church

2011-08-12T16:41:00.000+02:00

The Juliet cap is made of red polyester fabric, 6 segements and a littel stem on top

It is mainly used by junior members of the choir.

Tam Cap with black tassel

Have a look at the catalogue (page 42) of J. Wippell and Company Limited, Exeter, Great Britain

The Canterbury Cap

2011-08-09T11:48:00.000+02:00

Canterbury caps folded

The Canterbury Cap is worn in the Anglican Church by priests and bishops. The red one maybe was made for a Chaplain to Her Majesty The Queen of the Ecclesiastical Household?

The Pallium

2011-08-05T15:54:00.000+02:00

On my website, I collected some information about the pallium.

Today I visited the websit of

Monastero delle Bennedettine di Santa Cecilia

Piazza Santa Cecilia - Trastevere -Rome - Italy

where you can admire some marvelous pictures of the weaving looms where the sisters weave the pallium for the Pope and the archbishops.

Buddhist Headgear Identification

2011-08-04T21:50:00.001+02:00

(click on the pictures to enlarge)

Have a look at this Ming dynasty stucco figure, seated in lotus position!

In general such figures are simply addressed as ‘dignitary’ so a very vague description.

This figure does have a kind of religious pose with a downward internal gaze, typical of religious deities. It is Buddhist in nature because of the long ear lobes and the robe with lines and squares (signifying rice fields) that echoes the patchwork garb of the historical Buddha. The figure could be Guanyin (the bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara) because of the simultaneous male and female expression in the face. However lacking typical accessories (like a vase), inscriptions or hand gestures but wearing this atypical hat, this is far from certain. The hat may provide the best clue as to who this figure might be.

I am uncertain whether some kind of flap is attached to the hat or that the hat is on top of a separate headscarf? I think the first option; an integrated piece?

The last picture is showing a hole near the ear (on both sides). They are ca 0.5 CM deep, possibly an anchor point. Jewellery maybe or perhaps attachment point for tufts of hair. Some Chinese statues were dressed up including hair, moustaches etc.

Can anybody help and knows which kind of headgear this deity is wearing?

Academic Biretta of the University of Malta

2011-08-04T12:17:00.000+02:00

Academic biretta with 4 blades (wings, horns), made of cotton with moiré-effect

and a pompon in white/scarlet

Inside the biretta is lined in scarlet red

Made for the PhD robes of the University of Malta

Biretta of the Knights of the Military and Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem

2011-08-03T15:15:00.001+02:00

"Priests of the Order with HRH Prince Charles-Philippe d’Orléans, Duc d’Anjou, representing the Royal House of France."

Black biertta with 3 blades (wings, horns), green application cord above the edges (trimming) and a green pompon

Knights of the Military and Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem wearing a black biretta with 3 blades (wings, horns) and a green pompon

Biretta Worn by the Canons of the Chapter of the "Catedral de la Encarnación de Almería"

2011-08-02T15:07:00.000+02:00

Black biretta with 3 blades (wings, horns) and a green pompon worn by the canons of the chapter (Cabildo) of the Catedral de la Encarnación de Almería, Almería, Spain

Geistliche Tracht - Clerical Garb

2011-07-31T09:49:00.000+02:00

Albert Kretschmer (1825-1891)

Geistliche Tracht - Clerical Garb

The Hats of Borough Park

2011-07-30T09:47:00.002+02:00

Hat made of black rabbit fur

Label inside

Printing on the sweatband

Read this wonderful and informative article about the "Hats in Borough Park" with a lot of pictures from Werner Cohn, Professor Emeritus of Sociology, University of British Columbia.

Exhibition of the Galero Parasole in Victoria (Gozo, Malta)

2011-07-29T11:47:00.002+02:00

LA PROCESSIONE DEL CORPUS DOMINI

NELLE TAVOLE DI SALVATORE BUSUTTIL (1837 - 1839)

16th of July until 25th of September 2011

Triq Il-fosos Citadel, Victoria, Gozo, Malta

Invitation

The galero parasole of The Philippi Collection during the exhibition

Acknowledgement

Thank you to

Mr. Roberto Consorsi

President Associazione Arca Petrina onlus

Author of the project Tradizione e Magistero and coordinator of the events

Palatine Guard of His Holiness

Member of the Historical Committee of the Association of Sts. Peter and Paul, Vatican City

Delegate in Italy of the International Catholic Relief Funds Inc., USA

Expert in roman church dress and papal court costume

for his support and assistance.

Exhibition "Alles Kopfsache - Hut, Helm, Tuch & Co." in Hattingen

2011-07-28T12:37:00.001+02:00

The exhibition will be open to the public from 3rd of July until 30th of October 2011

LWL- Industriemuseum

Henrichtsütte Hattingen

Werkstraße 31-33, 45527 Hattingen

Poster outside

(click on the picture to enlarge)

Leaflet of the exhibition

The entrance

A poster

Exhibited items of The Philippi Collection

Cantor Hats worn by Jewish Gabbais and Hazzanim

2011-07-27T21:14:00.007+02:00

David Kusevitsky, Moshe Koussevitzky and ...

Isaac Ouaknine

Leon Blum with Raymond Furth

Siegmund Friedemann

Oscar Kugler

Alain Blum

H.H. Pope Benedict XVI with Chaim Adler in Cologne, August 2005

This kind of "cantor hats" are worn by Jewish hassanim, cantors and gabbais.

Hat of the Jewish Hazzanim (Cantors)

2011-07-23T21:35:00.001+02:00

Cantor Simcha Levinstein wearing a white cantor's cap

Cantor's hat

This kind of hat are worn by Jewish hazzanim or cantors.

White color will be worn on high holidays like Rosch ha-Schana or Yom Kippur.

The Jewish Kasket or Kasketel (קאסקעט קאסקעטל)

2011-07-22T11:01:00.014+02:00

In the hat shop of Mr Sanders (Sanders Hat Corp.,4106 14th Ave.,Borough Park, Brooklyn, New York 11219, USA) I bought this kasket.
This kasket or kasketel (קאסקעט קאסקעטל) is worn by hasidic boys above the kippah on shabbat. Some belz jewish kids wear them also during the week.

Jewish boys from Blazowa (Bluzhev), Poland wearing a kasket or kasketel (קאסקעט קאסקעטל)

Miznefet of the Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Israel

2011-07-21T14:12:00.002+02:00

Rabbi Shlomo Moshe Amar has been the Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Israel and the Rishon LeZion since his appointment in 2003.

Rabbi Mordechai Tzemach Eliyahu

Misnafat - Miznefet - Miznephet - Mitsnephet - Mitznefet - Miznäfät

The Misnafat is (according 2. Moses 39,28) the headgear of the High Priest (Kohen Gadol).

Today it is only worn seldom by the Chief Rabbi.

The Shtreimel - שטריימל

2011-07-20T11:55:00.006+02:00

"A shtreimel (Yiddish: שטרײַמל, pl. שטרײַמלעך shtreimlech) is a fur hat worn by many married haredi Jewish men, particularly (although not exclusively) members of Hasidic groups, on Shabbat and Jewish holidays and other festive occasions."

Wikipedia

According 4. Moses 15,38-41 the Shrteimel is made of 26 pieces of fur. This number represents the tetragrammaton (JHWH): J = 10; H = 5; W = 6; H = 5

Shtreimel of The Philippi Collection

Shtreimel hat box of Krauss Hatters, Brooklyn, NY, USA

Business card of Krauss Hatters

Advertisement of a Shtreimel Dealer in the US

Shtreimel Shop in Jerusalem

Substructur (base) of the Shtreimel

The Anglican Skull Cap

2011-07-19T10:39:00.003+02:00

Anglican skull cap in red-purple with 6 segments and a button on the top

Anglican skull cap in blue-purple with 6 segements and a button on the top

Red-purple versus blue-purple

Have a look as well at this color chart.

The two skull caps above are made by the famous supplier of goods for the church and the clergy J. Wippell and Company Limited, Exeter, Great Britain.

Anglican skull cap versus Roman Catholic pileolus (zucchetto, soli deo)

The Anglican skull cap is much more higher than the Roman Catholic pileolus. It is made of 6 segments with a buttom on top, the Roman Catholic of 8 segments with a little stem of twisted cords on top. The Anglican is made of polyester the Roman Catholic of silk.

Biretta in Portugal, Italy, Spain and France

2011-07-17T10:02:00.001+02:00

The picture shows for Portugal some kind of "pileolus rotundus", the Italian priest is wearing the biretta with 3 blades (horns, wings) and no pompon, the French with 4 blades (horns, wings) and a pompon and the Spanish with 4 baldes (horns, wings) and no pompon.

The illustration is however not showing the Spanish bonete.

The Red Pileolus of the Chaplain to Her Majesty The Queen

2011-07-12T22:32:00.002+02:00

In the Church of England there are some churches and abbeys called "Royal Peculiars", which means that they are not subject to a diocesan bishop, but to the Supreme Governor of the Church, who is the Queen. Westminster Abbey is one. In these churches the clergy wear red rather than black. So do the Queen's Chaplains.

Usually they wear the Sarum type of cassock, but the Anglo-Catholics wear a Roman cassock. One of these, a Queen's Chaplain, is the Rector of a London church. Fr Edward Lewis wears a full red Roman style cassock and a red pileolus (zucchetto).

Introduction of Fr Edward Lewis

20th of May 2011

The Chinese Jijin - 祭巾 (Tsikin, Tsikim, Tsi-kim), Part I

2011-07-06T16:18:00.007+02:00

The jijin - 祭巾 (which literally means a sacrifice or 'festival" towel, wrap or head cover) is a square hat, worn by Catholic priests and missionaries in China during the late Ming (ca. 1615) and the Quing Dynasty (1644-1911).

In a writ (brevis) of 25th of January 1615 Pope Paul V allows the Jesuit missionaries to wear the jijin during the religious ceremonies. Mainly the following two reasons were essential for the Pope to agree:

In Norhern China it was very cold, so it was a question of comfort and to avoid illness. Remember that in China during this period men wore their head completely shaved with only a pigtail.

The missionaries adapted themselves (as well for reasons of prudence) to the Chinese customs and morals. In China to have his head uncovered was a sign of humiliation and contempt (scorn). The subject always covered his head in presence of the superiors, even if it was the emperor. How to explain the faithful to be uncovered in the presence of Jesus Christ?

Jijin were most commonly seen during the 19th and very early 20th century. By the 1920's it began to disappear as Western clerical garb became common. End of the 19th century the Holy See asked the clergy not to relaunch the jijin again where it was abolished.

Jijin are made of heavy brocaded silk, with a leather headband that is slightly adjustable via a pair of ties on the open corner.

Literature:

Bulletin Catholique de Pekin 11 (1924), pp. 376-377, 404-406, "Un pratique liturgique propre à la Chine: Le Tsikin 祭巾 ou bonnet de messe" Download here.

Noël Golvers & Sara Lievens, eds., A Lifelong Dedication to the China Mission: Essays Presented in Honor of Father Jeroom Heyndrickx, CICM, on the Occasion of his 75th Birthday and the 25th Anniversary of the F. Verbiest Institute K.U. Leuven, Leuven: Ferdinand Verbiest Institute, 2007, pp. 207-326: “The Holy Mass in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century China: Introduction to and Annotated Translations of Yu Misa gongcheng (1721), Manual for Attending Mass”

See as well p. 219 (noot 37) :

"Aleni gives in his Misa jiyi (j. 1, ff. 15a6-15b7) a rather long allegorical explanation of this sacrificial hat (jijin ??), strongly abridged in Misa jiyi lüe (f. 26a1 / WXSB 3:1187). It is not mentioned and does not function in the allegorical explanation of the Mass itself (Misa lijie or Yu Misa gongcheng)."

Michela Fontana, Matteo Ricci, gesuita scienziato umanista in Cina (2010) p. 53, in Missiological Ethnological Museum of Musei Vaticani, Rome, 2010, ISBN 978-88-8016-991-8

5000 years of Chinese costumes, by Zhou Xun. San Francisco, China Books, 1987. ISBN: 0835118223

Zhongguo gudai fushi yanjiu 中國古代服飾研究 by Shen Congwen 沈從文. Hong Kong, Shangwu(Commercial Press), 1981. ISBN: 9620750004

Acknowledgements

Many thanks to:

Mr. Mark S. Mir of the Ricci Institute for Chinese-Western Cultural History, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, USA

Prof. Dr. Felix Körner SJ, Pontificia Università Gregoriana, Rome, Italy

Prof. Nicolas Strandaert, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium

Dr. Ad Dudink, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium

for their kind and competend support.

Part II, see here

The Bonete at "El bisbetó de Montserrat"

2011-07-02T16:36:00.001+02:00

Bisbetó is a Catalan word and it means "little bishop or abbot". The whole story starts in the Monastery of Montserrat.

The Escolanía is a group of children who form the choir of Montserrat. They must first of all have a perfect voice for singing. I do not remember how many they are, but when their voice changes, then they cannot continue. At the Monastery there is a school which the boys attend during the period that they are members of the choir at the Monastery and some of them even learn to play an instrument. Many Catalan musicians have started their career there. Please listen singing the hymn to the Virgin Mary of Montserrat called: Rosa d'avril = April rose.

During the middle age and even in the modern age, in many cathedrals, monasteries, etc. there was a child celebration, the little bishop-bisbetó, protagonized by the choir boys starting the day of Saint Nicholas and ending on the 28th December. This tradition is still in force nowadays at a few places, one of them being Montserrat.

The bisbetó is one of the small boys, chosen by the other boys of the choir. Following the tradition the festivities start on the 6th of December, Saint Nicholas who is furthermore the patron of the boys. In Montserrat these festivities were initiated many many years ago, as a matter of fact in the middle age. On this day a boy from the first year of school is dressed in clothes similar to the bishop, in commemoration of Saint Nicholas who was a bishop, and during this short period of "reign", he has many privileges, one of them to choose the menu of this day for all the choir members and a banquet, where the Abbot of the Monastery will be present during the meal. He can also choose which "Salve Regina" should be song that day. On the afternoon of this day, the families of the new "bisbetó" will assist in the different things which will be performed this day.
The two boys at the side of the bisbetó, represent his canons.

The Bonete in Peru

2011-07-02T16:11:00.002+02:00

(Click on the picture to enlarge)

The caption reads: "Scene of a solemn funeral. In front the priest ("el preste" is not a common term for a priest in Spanish), on the left the deacons, all vested in black and gold with bonetes. In the centre the catafalque/bier with a skull and candlesticks with candles. Watercolour of 14th November 1837."

This style of the bonte with a little "tree on top" remembers of the borla, the academic headgear of the Portuguese universities.

Perhaps the white "trees" on the top with tassels were used for special occasions?

In this context take a look at this foto of Don Juan Benlloch, with "doctoral" (?) biretta of Faculty of Theology of Valencia, 1888:

Tiara Pope Benedict XVI - Photo Memories

2011-06-23T14:44:00.003+02:00

Presentation of the tiara to H.H. Pope Benedict XVI

Pictures "in memoriam" of 25th of May 2011 are printed

Please remember:

25th of May is as well the commemoration day of the

Holy Pope Gregory VII